This may be a central point of confusion: how do we define AI systems that have preferences about the real world , so that their goals and…
Measures uncertainty, disorder, or randomness. The (Shannon) entropy of a probability distribution is: The quantity inside the…
A macrostate in statistical mechanics is a collection of base-level states; equivalently, a subset of [ phase space ]. It's what you see…
What are Hamiltonian dynamics? A system has [ phase space ] coordinates (p, q) , representing momenta and positions respectively. How do…